GRM - Group & Telegram Manager

C++23 / TDLib Telegram CLI User & Operator Guide

Authors:

Rénich Bon Ćirić & Antigravity AI (Google DeepMind)

Contact:

renich@evalinux.com

Manual section:

1

Manual group:

User Commands

Description

grm is a high-performance, asynchronous CLI manager for Telegram built with modern C++23 and TDLib. It provides comprehensive CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) management for private chats, basic groups, supergroups, channels, and forum topics, alongside a robust file and media download engine.

Features

• Full Authentication Flow: Interactive or non-interactive phone code and 2FA password verification.

• Complete CRUD Lifecycle: Full lifecycle support for chats, groups, forum topics, and text/media messages.

• File Download Engine: Batch download media attachments from chat history or specific forum topics with type filtering.

• Context-Aware Shell Autocompletion: Full Bash tab completion covering commands, subcommands, options, and parameters.

• Telegram Rich Text & Emoji Icons: Native Telegram Markdown V2 entity parsing and custom Supergroup topic emoji icons.

• Multiple Output Formats: Supports human-readable tables, ANSI color, Markdown, JSON, and CSV export.

• POSIX & GNU Standard Compliance: Supports GNU short/long option flags and positional parameters.

Synopsis

grm [global-options] <command> [<subcommand>] [options] [args]

Global Options

-h, --help

Show command or subcommand help message and exit.

-H, --help=all

Show exhaustive help screen for all commands and subcommands.

-V, --version

Display version, git commit, and build environment information.

-v, --verbose

Enable verbose TDLib log output to stdout.

-d, --debug

Enable low-level debug tracing and JSON payload logging.

-q, --quiet

Suppress informational messages and output only errors or data.

-c, --config <file>

Specify alternative path to configuration file (default: ~/.config/grm/config.json).

-T, --test-dc

Connect to Telegram Test Data Center (DC) environment.

-F, --format <fmt>

Set output format: human, markdown, json, or plain (default: auto). Note: JSON format outputs compact single-line JSON by default.

-p, -P, --pretty

Pretty-print JSON output with multi-line indentation and spacing (when used with -F json).

-N, --name-format <fmt>

Set sender name display format: username (default, e.g. @username) or fullname (e.g. First Last).

-u, --username

Shortcut to set sender name format to username.

--full-name

Shortcut to set sender name format to fullname.

--color <mode>

Control ANSI color output: auto, always, or never (or --no-color).

Commands & Subcommands

Authentication

grm login [-p|–phone <num>] [-k|–code <code>] [-q|–qr]

Authenticate against Telegram servers using terminal phone code flow or browser QR code.

-p, --phone <num>

International phone number (e.g. +523330000000).

-k, --code <code>

SMS or Telegram login code.

-q, --qr

Authenticate via QR code by generating an interactive HTML QR code page and opening it via xdg-open.

grm logout

Log out from Telegram, terminate the active TDLib session, and clear local session state.

Chat & Group Management

grm chat ls [-n|–limit <N>] [-S|–since <duration|date>] [-f|–filter <pattern>]

List active chats, supergroups, channels, and private conversations.

-n, --limit <N>

Maximum number of chats to list (default: 100).

-S, --since <duration|date>

Filter chats active since natural duration (e.g. "1 day ago", "3 days ago", "2h"), ISO date, or timestamp.

-f, --filter <pattern>

Filter chats by title, type, or ID (case-insensitive substring or regex). Can be passed multiple times.

grm chat create group [–private|–public] “<title>”

Create a new basic group or supergroup.

grm chat create channel [–private|–public] “<title>” [“<description>”]

Create a new broadcast channel.

grm chat info <chat_id>

Display detailed JSON metadata for a specific chat or group.

grm chat set-title <chat_id> “<new_title>”

Update the title of a group or channel.

grm chat set-desc <chat_id> “<description>”

Update the description of a supergroup or channel.

grm chat pin <chat_id>

Pin a chat or group at the top of the chat list.

grm chat unpin <chat_id>

Unpin a chat or group from the top of the chat list.

grm chat delete <chat_id>

Delete chat history or leave group.

Message Lifecycle

grm msg ls [-n|–limit <N>] [-t|–topic <id>] [-S|–since <duration|date>] [-f|–filter <pattern>] [-r|–reverse] <chat_id>

List messages from a chat or forum topic in chronological order (oldest first at top, newest at bottom).

-n, --limit <N>

Maximum number of messages to display (default: 20).

-t, --topic <id>

Filter messages by forum topic ID.

-S, --since <duration|date>

Filter messages since natural human/systemd duration (e.g. "1 day ago", "3 days ago", "1 month ago", "2h", "30m", "yesterday", "today"), ISO date (YYYY-MM-DD), or Unix timestamp.

-f, --filter, --sender <pattern>

Filter messages by sender username, display name, or handle (case-insensitive substring or regex). Can be passed multiple times (e.g. --filter="renichbon" --filter="k_brown") to match any specified sender.

-r, --reverse

Display messages in reverse-chronological order (newest first at top).

grm msg pin <chat_id> <message_id>

Pin a specific message in a chat or supergroup.

grm msg unpin <chat_id> <message_id>

Unpin a specific message in a chat or supergroup.

grm msg unpin-all <chat_id>

Unpin all pinned messages in a chat or supergroup.

grm msg export [-f|–format csv|json] [-o|–output <file>] [-t|–topic <id>] <chat_id>

Export chat or topic history to a CSV or JSON file.

-f, --format <fmt>

Export file format: csv or json.

-o, --output <file>

Output target file path.

-t, --topic <id>

Target specific forum topic ID.

grm msg search [-q|–query “<query>”] [-n|–limit <N>] [-t|–topic <id>] [-S|–since <duration|date>] [-f|–filter <pattern>] <chat_id>

Search message history using query pattern or regex.

-q, –query “<query>”

Regex search pattern.

-n, --limit <N>

Maximum matching messages to return.

-t, --topic <id>

Target specific forum topic ID.

-S, --since <duration|date>

Filter messages since natural human/systemd duration (e.g. "1 day ago", "3 days ago", "1 month ago", "2h", "30m", "yesterday", "today"), ISO date (YYYY-MM-DD), or Unix timestamp.

-f, --filter, --sender <pattern>

Filter messages by sender username, display name, or handle (case-insensitive substring or regex).

grm msg send [-a|–attach <file>] [-m|–media] [-C|–caption “<text>”] [-t|–topic <id>] <chat_id> [“<message>”]

Send a text message, document, or media file attachment. Supports Telegram Rich Text Markdown V2 formatting.

-a, --attach <file>

Path to local file attachment (repeatable).

-m, --media

Send attachment as compressed media (photo/video).

-C, –caption “<text>”

Caption text for file attachment.

-t, --topic <id>

Target specific forum topic ID.

grm msg info <chat_id> <message_id>

View detailed message JSON metadata.

grm msg edit [-t|–topic <id>] <chat_id> <message_id> “<new_text>”

Edit sent text message content.

grm msg delete [–for-everyone] <chat_id> <message_ids…>

Delete one or more messages.

-e, --for-everyone

Delete message for all participants in group.

Forum Topic Management

grm topic ls [-n|–limit <N>] [-S|–since <duration|date>] [-f|–filter <pattern>] <supergroup_id>

List active forum topics in a Telegram supergroup.

-n, --limit <N>

Maximum topics to list (default: 100).

-S, --since <duration|date>

Filter topics active since natural duration (e.g. "1 day ago", "3 days ago", "2h"), ISO date, or timestamp.

-f, --filter <pattern>

Filter topics by name or thread ID (case-insensitive substring or regex). Can be passed multiple times.

grm topic create [-e|–emoji <id>] [–icon-color <color>] <supergroup_id> “<topic_name>”

Create a new forum topic in a supergroup with optional custom emoji icon.

-e, --emoji, --icon <id>

Custom Telegram emoji icon identifier.

--icon-color <color>

RGB icon color hex integer (e.g. 0x6FB9F0).

grm topic info <supergroup_id> <topic_id>

View detailed metadata for a forum topic.

grm topic edit [-e|–emoji <id>] <supergroup_id> <topic_id> [“<new_name>”]

Rename an existing forum topic or change its custom emoji icon.

-e, --emoji, --icon <id>

Custom Telegram emoji icon identifier.

grm topic close <supergroup_id> <topic_id>

Close a forum topic.

grm topic reopen <supergroup_id> <topic_id>

Reopen a closed forum topic.

grm topic pin <supergroup_id> <topic_id>

Pin a forum topic.

grm topic unpin <supergroup_id> <topic_id>

Unpin a forum topic.

grm topic delete <supergroup_id> <topic_id>

Delete a forum topic and its history.

Story Management (CRUD)

grm story post [-f|–file <path>|-p|–photo <path>|-v|–video <path>] [–caption <caption>] [–privacy everyone|contacts|close_friends] [–period <time>] [–pinned] [–protect] [-l|–link <url>] [-r|–reaction <emoji>] [-C|–chat <id>]

Publish a new photo or video story with optional link and reaction sticker overlays.

-f, --file <path>

Path to local media file to publish as story (auto-detects photo or video by extension).

-p, --photo <path>

Path to local photo image file to publish as story.

-v, --video <path>

Path to local video file to publish as story.

-c, --caption <caption>

Story caption (supports URLs and Markdown formatting).

--privacy <setting>

Privacy setting: everyone (default), contacts, or close_friends.

--period <time>

Active story duration: 6h, 12h, 24h (default), or 48h.

--pinned

Pin story to chat page / profile under the permanent “Posts” tab (sets is_posted_to_chat_page: true).

--protect

Protect story content from saving and forwarding.

-l, --link <url>

Add a clickable link sticker overlay on the story.

-r, --reaction <emoji>

Add an interactive suggested reaction sticker button.

-C, --chat <id>

Target chat or channel ID (default: personal account).

grm story edit -s|–story-id <id> [–photo <path>|–video <path>] [–caption <caption>] [-l|–link <url>] [-r|–reaction <emoji>] [-C|–chat <id>]

Edit media content, caption, or interactive stickers of an existing story.

-s, --story-id <id>

Story identifier to edit.

-p, --photo <path>

New photo image file for story.

-v, --video <path>

New video file for story.

-c, --caption <caption>

New story caption.

-l, --link <url>

Add or update clickable link sticker overlay URL.

-r, --reaction <emoji>

Add or update interactive reaction button emoji.

-C, --chat <id>

Target chat or channel ID (default: personal account).

grm story info -s|–story-id <id> [-C|–chat <id>]

Display full story metadata, interaction counters, views, forwards, and attached interactive stickers.

-s, --story-id <id>

Story identifier to inspect.

-C, --chat <id>

Target chat or channel ID.

grm story viewers -s|–story-id <id> [-n|–limit <N>] [-q|–query <text>] [-C|–chat <id>]

List viewers and reactions for a story posted by your account.

-s, --story-id <id>

Story identifier.

-n, --limit <N>

Maximum number of viewers to display (default: 50).

-q, --query <text>

Filter viewers by name or username.

-C, --chat <id>

Target chat or channel ID.

grm story pin -s|–story-id <id> [-C|–chat <id>]

Pin an active story to your profile page under the permanent “Posts” tab.

-s, --story-id <id>

Story identifier to pin.

-C, --chat <id>

Target chat or channel ID.

grm story unpin -s|–story-id <id> [-C|–chat <id>]

Unpin a story from your profile page “Posts” tab.

-s, --story-id <id>

Story identifier to unpin.

-C, --chat <id>

Target chat or channel ID.

grm story react -s|–story-id <id> -e|–emoji <emoji> [-C|–chat <id>]

Set or remove a reaction on a story.

-s, --story-id <id>

Story identifier.

-e, --emoji <emoji>

Reaction emoji (pass empty string "" to remove reaction).

-C, --chat <id>

Target chat or channel ID.

grm story privacy -s|–story-id <id> –privacy <everyone|contacts|close_friends>

Update the privacy scope of an existing story.

-s, --story-id <id>

Story identifier to modify.

--privacy <setting>

New privacy scope (everyone, contacts, close_friends).

grm story stealth

Activate story stealth mode for 25 minutes, hiding your story views (Telegram Premium).

grm story ls [-C|–chat <id>] [-n|–limit <N>] [-p|–pinned] [-a|–archived] [-A|–all]

List active stories, pinned profile posts, and archived stories.

-C, --chat <id>

Target chat or channel ID (default: personal account).

-n, --limit <N>

Maximum number of stories to display (default: 20).

-p, --pinned, --posts

List stories posted to profile / chat page.

-a, --archived

List archived stories.

-A, --all

List active, pinned profile, and archived stories combined.

grm story delete -s|–story-id <id> [-C|–chat <id>]

Delete a published story by identifier.

-s, --story-id <id>

Story identifier to delete.

-C, --chat <id>

Target chat or channel ID (default: personal account).

Emoji Status Management

grm status ls [-f|–filter <query>] [-r|–recent] [-p|–packs] [<query>]

List and search available default, recent, and custom status emojis across installed packs (including official Animated Emoji).

-f, --filter <query>

Filter emojis by unicode character, description, pack name, or ID.

-r, --recent

Show recent custom emoji statuses.

-p, --packs

Show installed custom emoji packs.

grm status set -e|–emoji <id> [-d|–duration <time>] [-C|–chat <id>]

Set a custom Telegram emoji status badge.

-e, --emoji <id>

Custom Telegram emoji identifier (int64 string).

-d, --duration <time>

Status badge duration (e.g. 30m, 1h, 8h, 2d, 1w).

-C, --chat <id>

Target boosted channel or supergroup chat ID.

grm status clear [-C|–chat <id>]

Clear active custom emoji status badge.

-C, --chat <id>

Target boosted channel or supergroup chat ID.

File Download Engine

grm file get [-A|–all] [-o|–output <dir|file>] [-t|–topic <id>] [-n|–limit <N>] [–type photo|video|doc|audio|all] <chat_id> [<message_ids…>]

Download specific attachment files by message ID, or bulk download all media files when -A or --all is specified.

-A, --all

Bulk download all attachment files in chat or topic.

-o, --output <dir|file>

Destination directory path or target file path.

-t, --topic <id>

Target specific forum topic ID.

-n, --limit <N>

Maximum messages to scan during bulk download (default: 100).

--type <type>

Filter media type: photo, video, doc, audio, or all.

Examples

1. List active chats in table format:

   grm chat ls
   

2. Create a new forum topic with custom emoji icon in supergroup:

   grm topic create -e 5368560552786271734 -1003750297693 "DevOps Operations"
   

3. Send document attachment to topic:

   grm msg send -t 2 -a /var/log/syslog -C "System logs" -1003750297693
   

4. Bulk download all photos from topic:

   grm file download-all -o ~/Downloads -t 2 --type photo -1003750297693
   

5. Publish a Telegram Story with clickable URL and pin to profile page:

   grm story post --photo assets/logo.png --caption "grm ya soporta historias 🚀 https://gitlab.com/renich/grm" --pinned --period 24h
   

6. Edit an existing story’s caption and media:

   grm story edit --story-id 32 --caption "Updated caption with link: https://gitlab.com/renich/grm"
   

7. List active, profile, and archived stories:

   grm story ls --all
   

8. Search and set a 3D animated emoji status badge for 8 hours:

   # Search for laptop emojis across installed packs
   grm status ls 💻
   
   # Set 3D Animated Laptop badge for 8 hours
   grm status set --emoji 5431376038628171216 --duration 8h
   

Planned Features & Architectural Roadmap

The following feature specifications define the ergonomic CLI design, subcommand hierarchy, and TDLib integration architecture for grm:

1. Chat Folder Management (Chat Filters & Folders CRUD)

Provides full lifecycle management for Telegram chat folders and custom organization filters via TDLib’s createChatFolder, editChatFolder, and deleteChatFolder APIs:

• grm folder ls: List all defined chat folders, included chat categories (groups, channels, bots), excluded statuses (muted/read/archived), and pinned chat IDs. Rendered with color-coded folder badges in human TTY view.

• grm folder create <title> [--include-groups] [--include-channels] [--include-chats <ids...>]: Create a custom folder filter.

• grm folder edit <folder_id> [--title <title>] [--add-chat <id>] [--remove-chat <id>]: Modify folder title or chat memberships.

• grm folder delete <folder_id>: Remove a chat folder.

• Chat Listing Ergonomics: Adds the --folder <id> option to grm chat ls (e.g. grm chat ls --folder 2) to restrict chat listings to specific folder contents.

2. Universal Cross-Domain Search

Unified server-side and local search across all Telegram entity domains with ANSI term highlighting in human TTY mode and structured tabular output:

• grm search chats <query>: Global search across public and private chats, supergroups, and broadcast channels via searchChats and searchPublicChats.

• grm search msgs <query> [-c <chat_id>] [-t <type>]: Global or per-chat message search across text content, sender handles, and media captions via searchMessages and searchChatMessages.

• grm search users <query|phone|handle>: Search users and public profiles by handle, phone number, or display name via searchContacts and searchUserByUsername.

• grm search "<query>": Multi-domain universal search aggregating matching chats, contacts, and recent messages in a single grouped view.

3. Media & File Filtering/CRUD by Type

Granular media listing and extraction categorized by specific Telegram media filters (SearchMessagesFilter):

• grm file ls <chat_id> [--type photo|video|doc|audio|voice|url|all] [-n limit]: List media attachments in a chat or topic thread filtered by type (photos, videos, documents, music audio, voice notes, video notes, URLs).

• grm file get <chat_id> <file_id|msg_id> [-o <path>]: Download a specific document or media attachment by file ID or message ID with live progress rendering.

• grm file download-all <chat_id> [--type photo|video|doc|audio|all] [-o <dir>]: Bulk download all media matching specified media types with non-blocking thread pool execution.

4. Contact Management (Contacts CRUD)

Complete management for Telegram contact lists and user profiles:

• grm contact ls: List all saved Telegram contacts and their online availability status (e.g. Online, 2m ago) via getContacts.

• grm contact info <user_id|phone|handle>: Inspect user profile details, bio, phone number, and restrictions via getUser and getUserFullInfo.

• grm contact add <phone> <first_name> [last_name] [--share-phone]: Import or add a new user to contacts via addContact and importContacts.

• grm contact delete <user_id>: Remove user from contacts list via removeContacts.

5. Silent & Scheduled Messages

Advanced message delivery controls utilizing TDLib’s messageSendOptions:

• grm msg send <chat_id> "<message>" [--silent] [--schedule-at "<datetime|duration>"] [--send-when-online]:

  • --silent / -s: Delivers the message silently without triggering sound or vibration notifications (disable_notification: true).

  • --schedule-at "<datetime|duration>": Schedules delivery at a specific date/time (e.g. "2026-08-07T09:00:00Z") or natural language relative duration (e.g. "in 2 hours", "tomorrow 9am") via messageSchedulingStateSendAtDate.

  • --send-when-online: Delivers private chat messages automatically when the recipient comes online via messageSchedulingStateSendWhenOnline.

• grm msg scheduled ls <chat_id>: View pending scheduled messages in a chat or topic thread.

• grm msg scheduled delete <chat_id> <message_id>: Cancel and delete a pending scheduled message.

6. Audio CRUD & Media Processing Engine

First-class audio transmission and voice note processing:

• grm audio voice <chat_id> <voice_ogg_path> [--convert] [--silent]: Send voice notes (OGG/Opus format) via inputMessageVoiceNote.

• SoX / libsox Engine Integration: Native integration with libsox (or sox CLI engine) to automatically probe audio metadata, convert arbitrary audio formats to OGG/Opus voice notes, and extract exact 100-bar amplitude waveform arrays for TDLib voice note rendering.

• grm audio info <file_path>: Inspect audio duration, sample rate, channels, and codec details via libsox.

7. Introspective Shell Completion Engine (grm completion)

Self-generating, zero-maintenance shell completion generator powered by native C++ command tree introspection:

• grm completion bash: Output context-aware Bash completion script to stdout (supports source <(grm completion bash) and automatic installation via make install-user).

• grm completion zsh: Output native Zsh completion function script with rich subcommand descriptions.

• grm completion fish: Output Fish shell completion definitions to stdout.

• Dynamic Completion Wrapper: Per FreeDesktop/FHS standards, ~/.local/share/bash-completion/completions/grm is installed as a lightweight 10-line wrapper script (_grm_loader) that dynamically executes grm completion bash on demand. You never need to re-install or update the completion file when subcommands or flags change in new builds of grm.

8. Modular Single-Source Command Registry (CommandRegistry)

Domain-driven, modular command specification architecture (include/grm/command_registry.hpp):

• Modular Feature Self-Registration: Every feature module (src/cmd_auth.cpp, src/cmd_chat.cpp, src/cmd_msg.cpp, src/cmd_topic.cpp, src/cmd_file.cpp, src/cmd_completion.cpp) owns and exports its own CommandSpec data structure containing its subcommands, synopsis, option flags, descriptions, and allowed parameter choices (e.g. photo|video|doc|audio|all for --type).

• Automatic Discovery & Aggregation: CommandRegistry aggregates feature specs directly from module accessors without maintaining separate text files or duplicate registry files.

• Dual Automatic Rendering:

  • Help Engine: CommandRegistry::render_help() and render_all_help() dynamically format all CLI --help screens and exhaustive master reference manuals with consistent padding and option alignment.

  • Completion Engine: CommandRegistry::render_completion() automatically generates context-aware shell autocompletions for Bash, Zsh, and Fish directly from the feature definitions.

9. Attachment Types: Inline Media vs. Raw Document

Explicit distinction between visual inline media transmission and uncompressed binary document transfers:

• Inline Media (``–photo``, ``–video``, ``–animation``): Transmitted as compressed visual media (via inputMessagePhoto or inputMessageVideo) featuring automatic inline thumbnail previews and streaming optimization.

• Uncompressed Document (``–file`` / ``–doc``): Transmitted as raw binary document attachments (via inputMessageDocument) preserving byte-for-byte fidelity without compression or metadata strip.

Project Roadmap & Status

The following features and specifications have been implemented and verified:

• [x] Single-Source Command Registry: Unified CommandRegistry powering --help and grm completion.

• [x] Introspective Shell Completion: Native grm completion <bash|zsh|fish> engine with dynamic loader wrapper script.

• [x] GNU Standard Makefile: Default PREFIX ?= /usr/local (per GNU Coding Standards Section 7.2.5) with PREFIX_USER ?= $(HOME)/.local for non-root make install-user.

• [x] File Engine Consolidation: Unified grm file get [-a|-A|--all] <chat_id> [<message_ids...>] syntax.

• [x] Message Pin & Unpin: Consolidated grm msg unpin [-a|--all] <chat_id> [<message_ids...>].

Environment Variables

GRM_FORMAT

Set default output format: human, markdown, json, jsonl (or ndjson), or plain.

GRM_COLOR

Set default ANSI color mode: auto, always, or never.

NO_COLOR

Disables ANSI color output when present and non-empty.

Git Pre-Push Hook Setup

To register the repository pre-push quality automation hook (runs crstlint, make doc-check, make format, make check, and make lint prior to pushing to remote repositories):

make install-hooks

Installation & Setup

User / Build Dependencies

grm requires the following build toolchain and C++ libraries:

• tdlib-devel (>= 1.8.0): Telegram C++ JSON interface library (libtdjson)

• json-c-devel (>= 0.15): JSON parser and serialization engine

• cmake (>= 3.25): Build system generator

• ninja-build (>= 1.10): Fast build execution engine

• gcc-c++ / clang: C++23 compiler suite

• python3-docutils: reStructuredText man page compiler (rst2man)

Developer Toolchain Dependencies

Contributors running static analysis or documentation validation also require:

• clang-tools-extra (>= 16.0): clang-tidy static analyzer and clang-format

• rstcheck (>= 6.0): reStructuredText syntax validator

Local User Installation (Non-Root / No Sudo Required)

Per FHS 3.0 and the XDG Base Directory Specification, install grm into your user profile without root privileges (defaults to PREFIX_USER ?= ~/.local):

# Installs binary to ~/.local/bin/grm, man page to ~/.local/share/man/man1/grm.1, and completion wrapper
make install-user

# Ensure ~/.local/bin is present in your PATH:
export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH"

System Installation (Requires Sudo)

Per GNU Coding Standards Section 7.2.5, system installation defaults to PREFIX ?= /usr/local:

make release && sudo make install

Files & Configuration (FreeDesktop XDG Standards)

~/.config/grm/config.json

User configuration file containing API credentials (api_id, api_hash) and output format defaults.

~/.local/lib/grm/tdlib_db/

Persistent TDLib database directory containing encrypted session state, authorization keys, and cache.

~/.local/bin/grm

User executable installation path per FHS 3.0.

~/.local/share/man/man1/grm.1

User manual page installation path.

~/.local/share/bash-completion/completions/grm

User Bash tab autocompletion dynamic wrapper script.

See Also

rst2man(1), sphinx-build(1), tdlib(7)